Expected frequencies as opposed to observed frequencies are theoretical probabilities of certain outcomes occurring. The values are then summed across all cells. So if you have say 16 cells youll need to perform the steps 16 times one for each cell.
Divide every one of the squared difference by the corresponding expected count.
Ch 2 O E 2 E. Calculate this formula for each cell one at a time. To calculate the first point we write B4-B142B14. A Chi-Square Test of Independence is used to determine whether or not there is a significant association between two categorical variables.
